Hyposmocoma caterpillars are amazing creatures that evolved in the Hawaiian Islands.

Standards
Domain II, Strand 2: Unity and Diversity
Domain II, Strand 2: Biological Evolution

Lesson
Teacher Notes
Files and Resources
Intro to Hyposmocoma caterpillars
Crawling Hyposmocoma video
Hypothesizing Hyposmocoma
Start with a general description of Hyposmocoma caterpillars
  • tiny caterpillars
  • make cocoon early and drag it around for protection
  • endemic Hawaiian genus
  • 400+ different species
  • grow up into micro-moths
  • most eat lichens or algae, but some eat dead wood, rotting leaves, snails, other caterpillars
Show video of a crawling Hyposmocoma (Quicktime movie is 146Mb, download it early)
Alternate video of a crawling Hyposmocoma from YouTube
Students then invent a new Hyposmocoma species that evolved in a given environment (Hypothesizing Hyposmocoma)
HyposmocomaCases.jpg
diversity of Hyposmocoma cases
MovieS2_bugle.jpg
crawling Hyposmocoma video





Morphological classification
Classification
Classification vocabulary
Working in lab groups, students figure out morphological classification using 3 species of Hyposmocoma caterpillars.
When a group is finished, teachers add a 4th, then 5th species to fit into their classification. Extra species from HyposmocomaSpecies.doc
Finally define the following using examples:
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
  • subgenus
  • subspecies
  • binomial nomenclature
  • scientific name
  • common name

HyposcmocomaCladogram.jpg
Hyposmocoma cladogram from Haines et.al., Nature 2014

Morphological cladograms
Constructing Cladograms
Students use species from the previous day to construct cladograms:
  1. make a table of characteristics
  2. draw a venn diagram
  3. translate into a cladogram
Work in lab groups.

DNA based cladograms
Molecular Phylogenetics
Begin by sharing cladograms from the previous day; discuss the origin of any differences.
Discuss the Hyposmocoma cladogram (from Haines et.al., Nature 2014).
Then lab groups work together on Molecular Phylogenetics.

HyposcmocomaCladogram.jpg
Hyposmocoma cladogram from Haines et.al., Nature 2014

Speciation
The Speciation Game
Speciation vocabulary
Students act as Hyposmocoma moths to play a mating game and learn the key role of isolation when making new species.
Then define the following terms with examples:
  • speciation
  • reproductive isolation
  • geographic isolation
  • behavioral isolation
  • temporal isolation
  • allopatric
  • sympatric
  • convergent evolution
  • divergent evolution

DNA evidence
Read The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns
Then discuss the Hyposmocoma cladogram from Haines et.al., Nature 2014
Divide the paper into sections, each lab group translates one section into regular language. Students read translations aloud.
  1. Abstract
  2. Introduction
  3. Materials and Methods: Sampling and rearing, Molecular and phylogenetic analyses
  4. Systematics of H. kahamanoa: etymology, biology, distribution, remarks
  5. Materials and Methods: Experimental observations + Discussion: Underwater breathing strategy
  6. Discussion: Complex speciation and endemism patterns
Then discuss the Hyposmocoma cladogram (from Haines et.al., Nature 2014). Point out:
  • monophyletic by case type
  • timing of speciation shows evolution on the Northwest Hawaiian Islands
  • there are aquatic cones, burritos, and bugles, but also terrestrial cones, burritos, and bugles
  • outgroup = Euperissus

HyposcmocomaCladogram.jpg